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English Language Page October 23, 2003. At around 11 a.m. a group of unidentified armed individuals in camouflage uniforms and masks arrived in several vehicles at the market on the Theater Square in Grozny also known as “Gantamirov’s market” (due to its being guarded by his personal security squad). To the market security guards they showed identification papers issued by the Regional Operative Headquarters and said, “We are conducting a special operation, you do not need to interfere,” then entered the market territory. According to eyewitnesses, three young men had regularly dined in the caf? located on the market territory about 200 meters off the entrance. The only thing that was known of them was that they had come to the caf? to have dinner every day in a VAZ-21099 vehicle. During the special operation they were standing beside the caf?. Having spotted the unidentified troopers one of them rushed into the caf? and according to a caf? employee he looked at a loss. She said, “You oughtn’t break into our caf?.” At this point the strangers invaded the building and immediately opened direct fire. The young man was killed. The strangers left his body on the market territory and left in an unknown direction having taken his companions with them. Some time later an investigation brigade and an ambulance arrived at the site. Usually dead bodies are taken to hospital #9. This time however the dead body of the murdered man was never taken there. A passport issued in the name of Imayev (registered in the Staropromyslovsky district of Grozny) was found on the site of the murder. Reasons underlying the murder and detentions are not known. On the side of the road leading to the Kirov settlement of the Groznoselsky district a landmine blew up in the course of an engineering reconnaissance operation. According to eyewitnesses, four severely wounded soldiers were taken away from the site of explosion. October 24, 2003. Akhmet Khamzatovich Gisayev, born 1973, residing at Shakespeare, 23 in the Katayama settlement of the Staropromyslovsky district of Grozny, was kidnapped from his own house at 6 a.m. According to A. Gisayev’s relatives, a large group of unidentified individuals wearing masks, presumably representatives of Russian law-enforcement structures, stormed into their house. Without offering any explanations to their actions or presenting any accusations they seized Akhmet and took him out of the house. After that they conducted an unauthorized search of the house. Having not found anything illegal the troopers boarded the UAZ vehicle they had arrived in and left together with A. Gisayev. Akhmet’s relatives are of the opinion that the detention was executed by representatives of the Grozny operative investigation bureau. Representatives of this agency however deny their having anything to do with the fact. Another man had been earlier detained in this settlement in a similar fashion. Beaten up, he was released several days later. Such special operations had begun after two operative investigation bureau staffers had been killed in the Katayama settlement. At 6 a.m. from the house of the Taisumovs, located at Shalinskaya, 7 in Argun, Russian military troopers kidnapped Maskhud Musayevich Taisumov, born 1980, and a house guest, Usam Aslanbekovich Arziyev, born 1983. Early in the morning approximately 10 armed representatives of law-enforcement structures in masks stormed into the Taisumovs’ house. Without introducing themselves or providing any explanations they raised Maskhud Taisumov and Usam Arziyev from their beds, took them outside and threw them on the ground face down. The troopers pointed their weapons at the women (Maskhud’s three sisters and his mother, as well as Arziyev’s wife with their child who happened to be in the house at the time) and promised to use them should they chance to undertake any actions. After that the troopers demanded to see men’s identity documents. One of the troopers checked the passports and ordered to take the men from the courtyard out into the street. Nobody else spoke except that man who apparently was in charge. Although he was laconic, the women came to understand by his speech that he was Russian. The detainees were taken away on foot. Their relatives did not observe any vehicles out in the street. On the same day the relatives of Taisumov and Arziyev petitioned to law-enforcement authorities of the town of Argun. Several days later, Usam Arziyev was released. Blindfolded he was brought and dumped near the woods at the Petropavlovskaya village of the Groznoselsky district. From his words the relatives of Maskhud Taisumov found out that once arrested they were blindfolded with masks and taken somewhere in a car — he could not tell where to. They were kept and interrogated separately in a damp concrete facility. During the interrogation of Arziyev accompanied with beatings he was asked about Maskhud, about his past and what he had been up to lately. Arziyev thinks that he was released because his testimony about Maskhud matched Maskhud’s testimony about him. Criminal proceedings have been initiated on the fact of M. Taisumov’s abduction. It should be noted that Maskhud Taisumov had been previously detained on the suspicion of robbery-related assault of the personal driver of Argun’s prosecutor who is his neighbor. The assaulted prosecutor’s driver was forced to give up his weapon and vehicle. Taisumov was released because the investigation had failed to prove his participation in the assault. An unidentified explosion device went off at around 8 a.m. in the Leninsky district of Grozny, not far from the “Severny” market. Usually at this hour large groups of people accumulate in the vicinity of the “Severny” bus stop on their way to work and schools. According to eyewitnesses, the device went off as a squad of the federal sapper-engineering reconnaissance service approached the site. The explosion caused mild panic; the automotive traffic was suspended for several minutes. Nobody was injured as a result of the blast although fragments of the device were falling literally at people’s feet. Court proceedings took place in the Oktyabrsky court of Grozny on the case of the police officer from the Khanty-Mansiisky autonomous district, S. V. Lapin. He is accused on the basis of paragraphs “a” and “b” of part 3 of article 286 (exceeding one’s official authority accompanied by violence or threat of violence), paragraph “à” of part 3 of article 111 (deliberate infliction of severe injuries jeopardizing one’s health committed by a group of people in conspiracy), and article 292 (forgery) of the RF Criminal Code (see “Conditional Justice. On the situation with investigation of crimes against civilians committed by representatives of federal forces on the territory of the Chechen Republic in the course of military operations in 1999–2003.” [1] Actions undertaken by the culprit resulted in the murder of the detained Astemir Murdalov. The defendant, however, being under a house arrest, did not show up in the court having sent a telegram saying that his coming to Grozny was dangerous to his life. Defendant’s attorney submitted a petition requesting that the case be reviewed by a prosecuting tribunal. Had it been satisfied the judge could have authorized the review of the case in a different subject of the Russian Federation. But the judge ruled that the petition was unjustified and appointed a court hearing for October 30, 2003. October 24, 2003. At around noon, in the “Logovaz” tent camp for forced migrants located in the center of Nazran, Republic of Ingushetia, the following individuals were arrested presumably by representatives of the Department for fighting the organized crime of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Ingushetia: Said-Khussein Suleimanovich Munayev, born 1973, permanently residing at Aslambek Sheripov Street, 221, Urus-Martan, Chechen Republic, and Kazbek Ruslanovich Gantimirov, aged approximately 25, permanently residing in the Staraya Sunzha settlement of the Groznoselsky district. Both detainees had been temporarily residing on the “Logovaz” territory since autumn of 1999, i.e., since the day the tent camp for forced migrants was put together. Said-Khussein Munayev had resided in his tent together with his mother (she has now set off to Chechnya), his sister, Fatima Munayeva, and her two underage children. Kazbek Gantimirov had resided with his wife and his child in a box set up to serve as housing. His father, Beslan Gantimirov, had lived in a room not far away from his son’s family. The detainees had done odd loading and construction jobs for private individuals. According to tent camp residents they had never been members of armed formations or known to have committed any other illegal actions. At the time of detention Said-Khussein Munayev was busy fixing his ZIL truck. Together with him was his nephew, aged approximately 16. According to the young man the ZIL was approached by a VAZ-2107. People inside the vehicle had civilian clothes on. Without introducing themselves or showing any documents they grabbed Said-Khussein, huddled him roughly into the car and took off. Kazbek Gantimirov was arrested on the basis of the same scenario. First, having arrived at the “Logovaz” territory the police inquired who the owner of a white VAZ-2106 was. Having learned that the car belonged to Gantimirov and having found out where he lived they headed towards the box where the Gantimirovs lived. Kazbek was not at home and his wife said that her husband had gone to the baths located on the camp’s territory. Kazbek Gantimirov was detained as he was exiting the baths. Several minutes later, after Gantimirov and Munayev had been taken away in an unknown direction, another group of armed people arrived at the “Logovaz.” This time they introduced themselves as representatives of the 6th Department (Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for combating organized crime). The officers blocked the Munayevs’ tent and attempted to conduct an unauthorized search in it. Camp residents who had gathered around the tent demanded that the police officers present a warrant issued by the prosecution office. One of the officers who introduced himself as Yandiyev (he did not show any identification) said that the warrant would be issued later. Camp residents Liza Israpilovna Dzhabrailova, born 1954, and Shapaat Edilova, registered at Zdorovaya, 3 in Grozny, were invited to the Munayevs’ tent as search witnesses. These women however were not informed of what capacity they were invited in or what was expected of them. The Munayevs’ tent was searched and a protocol was put together to that effect upon completion of the search, but the women who witnessed the search were not offered to sign any documents. At the time when the tent search was underway a group of representatives of the “Memorial” human rights center among whom there was a lawyer, arrived at the camp. The presence of human rights activists in the camp boosted the confidence of the camp residents and they became more persistent demanding that the officers produce a search warrant. The reaction of the police officers was more than unusual — they suddenly stopped the search and abandoned the camp’s territory. On their way out one of the officers said to the women, “If you make noise about this you will not see him (Said-Khussein Munayev) ever again.” Gantimirov was released on the same day. As of October 25 Munayev was kept at the temporary confinement facility of the Nazran police. His relatives hired an attorney to defend him but presently there is no information about what Munayev is being accused of. October 25, 2003. At around 8 a.m. in the settlement of Starye Atagi of the Groznoselsky district unidentified individuals in camouflage uniforms and masks who had arrived in two white VAZ-2107 vehicles seized Khasan Yusupov, aged 25–26, and took him away in an unknown direction. On the road from Grozny to Starye Atagi representatives of Russian law-enforcement structures stopped a line passenger bus. They asked three young men who were in the bus to step out and have their identity papers ready for inspection. One of them, Rustam Chimkayev, aged 23–24, a resident of the Novye Atagi settlement, was detained. The reason of his detention is unknown. Beaten up, he was found on the same road on the next day. At around 10 p.m. in the settlement of Nagornoye (department #3 of the dairy state farm #15) of the Groznoselsky district representatives of unidentified law-enforcement structures conducted a special operation targeted at detention of members of armed formations of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Four people were killed. The troopers, having arrived in several UAZ vehicles, surrounded a two-storey apartment block and opened fire from machine guns and a grenade thrower at one of the apartments. In the course of the operation four people were killed, three local residents — Movlatkhan Salgiriyeva, aged approximately 30, a mother of two children, Anzor Ismailov, aged 25, Zaurbek Dadayev, aged approximately 22, and an outsider whose name and place of residence are unknown to us. The latter two were presumably members of armed formations. Both storeys of the building were damaged. Nothing is known about casualties incurred by troopers. October 26, 2003. In the afternoon, in the Oktyabrsky district of Grozny unidentified armed individuals murdered Shamil Dachayev, aged 35–37, a resident of the Alkhan-Kala settlement of the Groznoselsky district. Sh. Dachayev, a former forced migrant, had resided on the territory of the Republic of Ingushetia for a long time. He had worked for one of the international nongovernmental organizations. Shortly before he was murdered he had moved to the Alkhan-Kala settlement where he was trying to restore his ruined house. According to his relatives Sh. Dachayev left home at about 3 p.m. Three hours later it became known that his dead body had been found in his own car. No circumstances of the murder are known. On the road leading from Novye Atagi to Chiri-Yurt a military trooper used a sniper rifle to shoot at a passing vehicle. Two civilians were wounded. The pasenger, a resident of the Novye Atagi settlement, received a tangent wound in his abdomen. The driver, Takhir Idrisov, aged 35, was bruised in his face. Soldiers from a check-point located not far away came over to the shooting site. Vehicles that were passing by began to slow down and stop. A newly-arrived officer admitted that it was one of his subordinates who had shot. He had ordered Idrisov to stop but he did not comply. A row ensued between the military troopers and civilians. The local residents promised to petition to law-enforcement authorities and other instances. To that the officer responded, “I will not let my fighter be abused!” October 27, 2003. On the night of October 27 a star shell landed on the house of the Solsayevs on Nagornaya Street in the Starye Atagi settlement of the Groznoselsky district and set it on fire. The house burned almost completely down. In addition, two vehicles parked in the courtyard also burnt down. Settlers presume that the star shell had been fired from the direction of the military base located on the outskirts of this residential area. Cases of star shells hitting private properties are frequent. On the night of October 27 in the settlement of Artyomovsky Elevator of the Staropromyslovsky district of Grozny unidentified armed people in camouflage uniforms and masks kidnapped and later murdered Aslan Islamovich Bamatgeriyev, born 1982. Approximately 10 strangers stormed into the house of the Bamatgeriyevs, forced all the family members on the floor, and then arrested and took away A. Bamatgeriyev. In the morning his dead body was found on the outskirts of this residential area. According to settlers, A. Bamatgeriyev was killed with a machine gun: gunshot wounds were found on his head and body. The reasons underlying the kidnapping and the murder are unknown. A. Bamatgeriyev had been previously apprehended by representatives of law-enforcement structures on several occasions. Usman Movladiyevich Yusupov, born 1976, resided at Pobedinskaya, 58 in the Pobedinskoye settlement of the Groznoselsky district, was seized at the car shop in the Leninsky district of Grozny (next to the “Severny” market) by strangers who had arrived in an UAZ-452 vehicle, and taken away in an unknown direction. According to his mother, her son and his friend, Said-Rakhman Dudurkayev, were in the car shop fixing his car. When the strangers arrived Dudurkayev was temporarily out of the shop. The kidnappers huddled Yusupov into the vehicle that the young men were trying to fix, boarded it themselves and drove off in an unknown direction. Having discovered the kidnapping Said-Rakhman immediately informed Yusupov’s family about it. The latter unofficially petitioned to their relative, a Chechen special task police fighter. On the next day U. Yusupov was released (he was severely beaten). October 27, 2003. In the town of Kurchaloi, in the morning, the district commandant forbade any vehicles to leave district limits. Extended queues accumulated at the check-points. A ruffle began between representatives of the local law-enforcement structures and the military troopers at check-points. By 10 a.m. the commandant lifted his order and the traffic resumed. Another order was made later to look for a “Kamaz” truck which had allegedly entered the district with 20 sacks of hexogen covered with hay and was never seen leaving its boundaries. Representatives of all law-enforcement structures and military units based in the district walk around properties and inspect all vehicles regardless of makes and models. October 28, 2003. At night in the town of Argun, on Chapayev Street, unidentified individuals, presumably members of an armed formation of the fundamentalist nature murdered Ruslan Rasukayev. Two strangers in masks entered his house and asked Rasukayev’s guest what his name was. He answered “Beslan” and they did not touch him. Then they asked the host the same question. When he answered “Ruslan” the strangers killed him having shot twice in his stomach and once in his head. A week before he was murdered Rasukayev had given up his job as a security guard of the first deputy head of the Argun administration. Some time after 2 p.m., in the settlement of Novye Atagi of the Shali district, unidentified individuals, presumably representatives of an unidentified law-enforcement body of Chechnya, seized Gelani S.-A. Khalayev, born 1953, in his house on Lenin Street, and forcefully took him away with them. The armed strangers arrived at the settlement in several passenger cars. At least two of them, a white VAZ-2107 and a silver VAZ-21099 with shaded window glasses and no license plates, drove up to Khalayev’s house. Armed people in masks wearing black uniforms came out of the cars. According to his relatives, the strangers spoke Chechen and introduced themselves as representatives of A. Kadyrov’s security service. On October 31 severely beaten Khalayev was dumped in the vicinity of Shali. October 28, 2003. On the federal highway Rostov-Baku, in the vicinity of the Shaami-Yurt settlement, federal military troopers traveling in an armored troop-carrier collided with a line minivan “Gazel” which was doing a leg on the Grozny — Nazran route. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Chechen Republic the accident resulted in several people being killed and injured. The following people were killed in the accident: 1. Zarema Daurbekova, born 1977 (Grozny resident). 2. Lyubov Munatovna Zotova, born 1944 (commandant of the temporary placement facility on Chaikovsky, 24). 3. Lyubov Dzortova, born 1950. 4. Khanifat Dzortova, born 1967. The following people were injured: 1. Vakha Guorgoshvili, born 1981. 2. Musibat Bulatova, born 1981. According to the head of the press service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Chechen Republic, Ruslan Atsayev, criminal proceedings have been initiated on this fact. October 29, 2003. In the town of Kurchaloi, four vehicles were taken away from their owners in the course of inspections: a GAZ-52 belonging to Turpal Abubakarov, born 1954, resides on Mira Street, a GAZ-52 petrol hauler belonging to Mairbek Vakhayev, born 1955, resides on Zapadnaya Street, and an old BMW belonging to Musa Nakayev, aged 50, a childhood invalid, resides on Kurchaloievskaya Street. Vehicle papers and license plates for the BMW belonging to Musa Vakhidov,born 1949, resides on Zapadnaya Street, were also taken away. All these vehicles are located in the courtyard of the commandant’s headquarters. Vehicle owners run around knocking on doors of various structures asking to have their vehicles returned to them. October 29, 2003. In the evening in the village of Murushkino near Argun unidentified individuals, presumably members of an armed formation of the fundamentalist nature murdered three young men who had been former employees of law-enforcement authorities. The assault took place in the house of one of the murdered men. After the evening prayer five young men and a senior house proprietor were going to watch television. At this point armed people stormed into the house. They ordered the senior man to leave. Two other people managed to save their lives as well. Three men were killed. At around 6 a.m., in the Novye Atagi settlement of the Shali district, representatives of law-enforcement structures of the Chechen Republic kidnapped three local residents and one man was murdered. Early in the morning three vehicles entered the settlement: an “Ural,” an UAZ-452, and an UAZ, all of which contained armed people wearing military uniforms. The troopers surrounded a quarter around the Lenin Street district; within the perimeter several troopers were placed next to each house. Apparently, a target operation was conducted in that street. It proved impossible however to identify the reasons and executors of this operation. As a result three local residents were kidnapped from their houses and taken in an unknown direction: Rustam Umkhayev, born 1980, Ruslan E. Bachayev, born 1954, and Àkhmad Arsagirayev, born 1962. People who lived in the area where the operation was conducted tried to come out of their houses in response to victims’ calling for their relatives to help but the troopers did not let anyone out forcing the people back into their houses by firing their weapons in the air. According to eyewitnesses the unidentified troopers spoke both Chechen and Russian. In the course of the operation a local resident, Dzhambulat Akhmatov, was killed. According to victim’s neighbors D. Akhmatov had come outside to do lustration before the morning prayer. During the lustration his jar slipped out of his hands and fell down. Having heard a noise in the courtyard the troopers opened fire without warning. On October 31 and November 1 residents of Novye Atagi blocked the road connecting the settlement with Chiri-Yurt and Shali. The picketers demanded that the republican authorities should undertake actions in order to find those who had been kidnapped. According to settlers the events that took place in the settlement on October 28–29 were linked together and representatives of A. Kadyrov’s security service were to blame for the kidnapping and the murder. The picketers insisted that they had information that their kidnapped fellow settlers were being kept on the territory of the “Novaya Zhizn” poultry farm in the Geldagana settlement. Relatives of the kidnapped individuals had obtained this information from a person who had been kept at this poultry farm (his name was not identified for security reasons). He (the eyewitness) had told them that a large group of people, both men and women, were being kept at the farm. According to him, these people are systematically subjected to beatings and tortures. Head of the Novye Atagi administration petitioned to the prosecution authority of the department of the federal security service of the Shali district requesting that the above fact be investigated, but the latter denied its having anything to do with it. October 29, 2003. At 7 a.m. representatives of Russian law-enforcement structures detained Arbi Movladiyevich Satabayev, born 1962, resides at Budenny, 42 in Urus-Martan. He was placed in the temporary detention facility of the Urus-Martan police. The motives of the apprehension are unknown. October 29, 2003. A powerful landmine went off on the bridge across the Martanka river on the Guchigova Street in Urus-Martan. The explosion occurred when an UAZ belonging to the Urus-Martan police was crossing the bridge. Unit commander of the Urus-Martan police, Ramzan Dzhamalkhanov (alias — Ram), and his four colleagues who were accompanying him in the vehicle were wounded. After the explosion representatives of the above mentioned division initiated an active search of its possible organizers. Several young men were beaten up. The law-enforcement troopers were going to detain several other people who were playing pool downtown but a group of people who had managed to come to their rescue on time prevented them from doing so. On the same day Ibragim Israilov, born 1964, who lived not far away from the site of explosion, was arrested. According to local residents he was detained by police representatives. Israilov’s brothers begged the officers to detain one of them instead because Ibragim had undergone three complex surgical operations and become an invalid. But the officers argued that it was only Ibragim who they needed and took him away in an unknown direction. On the same day dead body of an unidentified man with a gunshot in his head was found in Grozny. Apparently, that was a control shot. The body was buried by local residents in the Grozny outskirts as an unidentified one. His clothes however were retained for identification in the local mosque. Two days later relatives discovered that it was Ibragim’s body. October 30, 2003. At 4:30 p.m. a blue VAZ-2107 pulled up to the house of Abdurakhman Tatayev, born 1964, resided on Mira Street in the Kurchaloi settlement. A young man let himself into the courtyard and asked for Abdurakhman. The visitor spoke with the host and headed for the gates. A. Tatayev went back to the house and asked his wife to give him his jacket and having said that he would be back soon left together with the visitors. His relatives have been looking for him ever since. A similar vehicle is used by A. Kadyrov’s security service based in the Geldagana settlement. According to detainee’s relatives one of the servicemen admitted that they had taken him away but no longer had him. Later however the trooper changed his testimony having said that he had mistaken him for some other detainee from Grozny. October 30, 2003. Resident of the Samashki settlement of the Achkhoi-Martan district, Daud Yunusov, born 1953, and his son, Rizvan Yunusov, born 1986, were detained by representatives of Russian law-enforcement structures. The Yunusovs were having a lift in a GAZ-53 on their way to the 15th dairy farm (Pobedinskoye settlement) of the Groznoselsky district where they were going to see a relative. On the concrete road north of Samashki they were pulled over by military people on two armored troop-carriers without identification signs. They forced Daud and Rizvan Yunusov out of the vehicle and made the truck driver leave. Daud Yunusov asked everyone who was passing by on that road to inform his relatives and the local police of their detention. According to eyewitnesses the military men called for an UAZ vehicle in order to verify data on the computer. Many people reported the detention of the Yunusovs to the police but representatives of local law-enforcement authorities did not undertake any actions. Daud Yunusov’s wife, Malika Yunusova, said that the armored troop-carriers belonged to the local commandant’s headquarters and she saw them washed up on the next morning on the territory of the local commandant’s headquarters. The incident was reported to the prosecution authority of the Achkhoi-Martan district. Its representative came to see M. Yunusova. She provided him with a written testimony and after that he left. Nobody came to see her anymore. It is still unknown why the Yunusovs were arrested. October 30, 2003. Isa Shudinovich Khachukayev, born 1970, employee of the caf? located in the central market of Grozny, was forcefully taken away directly from his workplace. Two armed unidentified individuals clad in camouflage uniforms entered the caf? and asked the employees in Chechen which one of them was Isa. When Isa identified himself they walked him out of the caf?. They did not tell anyone at the caf? why and whereto they were taking Isa. I. Khachukayev was huddled into the vehicle that was waiting at the corner of Prospekt Pobedy and taken away in an unknown direction. October 31, 2003. Approximately at 10 p.m., in the Lenin district of Grozny, security officers guarding the temporary placement facility located at Malgobekskaya, 11 were assaulted. A group of approximately eight armed people in masks and camouflage uniforms entered the facility. Having disarmed the guards the strangers beat them up and locked in a separate room. The strangers did not touch the temporary placement center residents but they did not let them out into the hallway either while they were there. Having heard noises outside one woman decided to come out of her room to see what the matter was, but the strangers threatened her with their weapons and forced her back into her room. The strangers did not stay long on the premises. Having taken away the machine guns of the security guards they escaped in an unknown direction. This temporary placement center accommodates refugees who were brought from tent camps in Ingushetia a little over a month ago. The temporary placement center is guarded by representatives of the Security Service Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Chechen Republic. At night the facility is guarded by two security officers. The incident described above demonstrates that such efforts are clearly not sufficient to ensure the safety of refugees in contemporary Chechnya. According to temporary placement center residents the security guards who suffered from the assault were dismissed from their jobs. The dismissal was motivated by the guards’ noncompliance with their service duties, i.e., they were laid off for having failed to open fire against the perpetrators. Criminal proceedings were initiated on the fact of the temporary placement center assault. It is necessary to note that the temporary placement center in question is located in the proximity of the Operative Investigation Bureau and the police of the Leninsky district. Residents of the temporary placement center on Malgobekskaya Street are of the opinion that the attack might have been executed by representatives of the aforementioned law-enforcement authorities. All information above was provide by the “Memorial” Human Rights Center 1 Appendix 15, p. 69 at www.memo.ru. Back |
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